A disharmony between tooth-size and jaw-size can result in crowded, irregular teeth.

Crowded teeth can look unattractive and can be more difficult to clean.

Orthodontic treatment usually involves the use of braces which are the most efficient and accurate way of aligning teeth.

Sometimes it is necessary to extract teeth to provide sufficient space to allow the teeth to be aligned in a stable and harmonious position within the jaws and face.

Spaces can result from a disharmony between tooth-size and jaw-size or by abnormal tongue thrusting activity.

Spaces between the teeth can look unattractive and can interfere with speech.

Orthodontic treatment usually involves the use of braces to align the teeth and to close the spaces.

Abnormal tongue activity must be eliminated or the spacing is likely to recur.

Protruded teeth result when the position of the upper jaw is forward of the lower jaw.

In severe cases, the lower lip may sit behind the upper front teeth and push them further forward to accentuate the disharmony.

Protruded teeth can be unattractive and prone to accidental damage. Often teeth become worn unevenly. Sometimes, the lower front teeth can over-erupt and damage the gum behind the top front teeth.

Missing teeth can be unattractive.

Opposing and adjacent teeth can drift into the space to create further problems.

Orthodontic treatment involves moving all teeth into correct position, and creating proper space to facilitate replacement of the missing teeth.

Impacted teeth don't have sufficient space to erupt.

Orthodontic treatment involves creating space to allow the impacted tooth to erupt.

Ectopic teeth are teeth which develop in the wrong position.

In most cases, ectopic tooth can be repositioned with braces.

In this case, an ectopic canine (eye tooth) was surgically exposed and braces were used to move it into its correct position.

When the lower jaw is forward in relation to the upper jaw, the lower front teeth protrude beyond the upper teeth and an "under-bite" results.

An under bite can be unattractive and can cause uneven wear of the front teeth and jaw joint problems.

In mild cases, conventional orthodontic treatment with braces, elastics, and reverse- pull headgear can be used to correct the problem.

In more severe cases, jaw surgery is required to correct the bite and to create a more harmonious facial profile.

The upper and/or lower front teeth can overupt to produce a deep bite.

In severe cases, the upper teeth can cover the lower teeth completely.

A deep bite can cause excessive wear of the front teeth and can damage the gum behind the upper front teeth.

Deep bites can exert excessive strain on the jaw joint resulting in tempero-mandibular joint problems.

The upper teeth should fit outside the lower teeth like a lid on a box. If the upper jaw is too narrow, the lower jaw usually swings to one side to allow the back teeth to mesh. A posterior cross-bite results.

Posterior cross-bites can result in uneven wear of the teeth and can place extra strain on the jaw joint resulting in tempero-mandibular joint problems.

Orthodontic treatment involves the use of a fixed or removable appliance to widen the upper jaw (maxillary expansion).

Once the upper jaw has been widened, the lower jaw can close normally.

An open-bite exists when opposing teeth don't meet.

An open-bite can cause eating problems and excessive wear of those teeth which do make contact. An open-bite can be unattractive and can be associated with speech problems.

Open-bites are often caused by abnormal tongue habits and, although the open-bite can be closed with braces, unless the abnormal tongue habits are corrected, the open bite is likely to recur.